People resources

Introduction

• Knowledge is the most significant and valuable property of a human being.
• Human resource has a great contribution to the Gross National Income.
• Human resources development is the process of increasing the knowledge, the skills, and the capacities of all the people in a society. It is the accumulation of human capital.

• Human capital is more superior to other types of resources (such as land and other natural resources), as human capital has the capability to exploit these resources and use them for other developmental purposes.
• Economists and experts of other fields have advocated that education should be made accessible to every stratum of the society. Education is indispensable for overall national growth.

Features of Human Capital

• Transformation of a child into a successful educated man/woman after educational attainment (for example, doctor, engineer, teacher, government official, business man, etc.) facilitates the development of the human capital.
• Human capital is the sole source of overall development of the nation; therefore, investment in a child’s education, health, and other activities related to his/her growth is equivalent to the capital formation.

• Health expenditure includes preventive medicine (e.g. vaccination), curative medicine (medicines given during the illness), and social medicine (spreading the health literacy).
• Providing training either in public sector or private sector is also a kind of investment that produces knowledgeable and expert employees.
• Expenditure on human migration and acquiring information about the market is also a source of human capital formation.
• The contribution of a skilled and highly educated person is much more valuable than that of an unskilled labourer.
• The seventh five-year plan has emphasized on the need for human capital formation. It stated that Human resources development (read human capital) has essentially to be assigned a key role in any development strategy, especially in a country with huge population.
• Though the two terms human capital and human development sound similar, there is a basic difference between them.
• Education and health are the major assets of human capital that enhance the labour productivity.
• On the other hand, human development considers education and health as an integral part of human well-being.
• Human Capital considers human beings as a means to an end. So, if an educated person with good health does not increase productivity, then the investment made on goes futile.
• The expenditure on education is measured on the basis of the percentage of total expenditure (by the government) and the percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• In 1998, the Government of India appointed Tapas Majumdar Committee to estimate the expenditure in education sector.
• The Right to Education Act of 2009, makes education a fundamental right for all children aged between 6 and 14.
• The percentage of expenditure on education sector has also been increased in comparison to previous decades.
• Various loan schemes have been made available for higher studies (in home country and also other countries).
• Moreover, with consistent efforts by the Indian Government, the literacy rate of India is increasing at an appreciable rate.
• Besides, the gap between male and female literacy rate has progressively narrowed.

Success Rate of Education in India

The following table illustrates the literacy growth rate −

Numbers	Details	1990	2000	2008-12
1	Adult Literacy Rate (Age group 15+) Male Female	61.9 37.9	68.4 45.4	76.7 67.6
2	Youth literacy rate (Between 15 & 24) Male 88 Female 54.2 64.8 74	76.6 54.2	79.7 64.8	88 74
3	Primary completion rate Male Female	78 61	85 69	96.6 96.3

Education and Life Expectancy Development Rate

The following table illustrates the life expectancy growth rate −

Details		1951	1981	1991	2001	2012
Per Capita Income		5,708	8,594	11,535	16,172	38,037
Literacy Rate (in %)		16.67	43.57	52.21	65.20	74
Life Expectancy at Birth (In Years)	Male Female	37.2 36.2	54.1 54.7	59.7 60.9	63.9 66.9	64.7 67.7
Crude Death Rate (per 1,000/)		25.1	12.5	9.8	8.1	7
Infant Mortality Rate		146	110	80	63	42